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Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Pomo, Potter Valley Drug, Emetic
Inner bark used as a strong emetic.
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Pomo, Potter Valley Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid
Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches.
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Quinault Drug, Emetic
Infusion of bark taken as an emetic.
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Quinault Food, Winter Use Food
Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Quinault Other, Hunting & Fishing Item
Plugs inserted into pithless stems and used as whistles for calling elk.
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Salish, Coast Food, Fruit
Berries cooked and used for food.
Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 80
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Fruit
Berries eaten fresh.
Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 102
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Skagit Food, Winter Use Food
Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Skagit, Upper Food, Dried Food
Berries steamed, pulped and dried for winter use.
Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 38
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Skagit, Upper Food, Fruit
Fruit eaten fresh.
Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 37
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Skokomish Food, Fruit
Berries eaten fresh.
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Squaxin Food, Winter Use Food
Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Swinomish Food, Winter Use Food
Berries steamed on rocks, cooled and eaten in the winter.
Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 47
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Thompson Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal)
Decoction of finely chopped bark taken for arthritis. One informant cautioned that this decoction must be boiled in a non-metal pot or it would become poisonous.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Thompson Drug, Toothache Remedy
Fresh bark used in hollow tooth for toothaches.
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 474
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Thompson Drug, Venereal Aid
Decoction of dried flowers taken for syphilis.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Thompson Food, Dried Food
Dried fruit used for food.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Thompson Food, Dried Food
Fruits dried for future use.
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Thompson Food, Fruit
Fresh fruit used for food.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Thompson Food, Fruit
Fruits eaten fresh in large quantities.
Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 490
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Thompson Food, Preserves
Berries cooked to make jam.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Thompson Food, Spice
Berry juice used for marinating fish. The berries were mashed in birch bark baskets, and when the fish had been split open along the backbone in preparation for barbecuing, it was soaked for a while in elderberry juice to flavor it. Then, the fish was taken out, the berry seeds scraped off and the fish barbecued and eaten.
Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 199
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Tubatulabal Food, Fruit
Berries used for food.
Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Wintoon Food, Fruit
Berries used for food.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Wintoon Other, Musical Instrument
Hollow stems used as music sticks.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokia Drug, Disinfectant
Decoction of leaves used as an antiseptic wash.
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokia Drug, Emetic
Inner bark used as a strong emetic.
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokia Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid
Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches.
Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokut Drug, Burn Dressing
Poultice of bruised leaves applied to burns.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokut Drug, Cathartic
Infusion of pith used as a purge.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokut Drug, Emetic
Infusion of flowers used as an emetic.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokut Food, Dried Food
Berries eaten dried.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokut Food, Winter Use Food
Berries stored for winter use and cooked.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokut Other, Musical Instrument
Hollow wood used for flutes.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokut Other, Toys & Games
Hollow wood used for pop guns.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yokut Other, Toys & Games
Split branches used for making bows for small children.
Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 436
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yuki Drug, Febrifuge
Infusion of flowers taken for fevers.
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 46
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yuki Food, Dried Food
Berries dried and used as a winter food.
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yuki Food, Fruit
Berries eaten raw.
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yuki Food, Soup
Berries formerly made into soup.
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 86
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yuki Other, Musical Instrument
Branches used to make flutes, clappers and small whistles.
Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 94
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yurok Food, Fruit
Fresh berries used for food.
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53
Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli
Blue Elderberry
USDA SANIC5
Yurok Other, Containers
Leaves used to pack sturgeon eggs while cooking.
Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 53
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli
American Elder
USDA SANIC4
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Emetic
Infusion of bark scraped upward and used as an emetic.
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 236
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli
American Elder
USDA SANIC4
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Laxative
Infusion of bark scraped downward and used as a laxative.
Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 236
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli
American Elder
USDA SANIC4
Cahuilla Drug, Cold Remedy
Infusion of blossoms taken for colds.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli
American Elder
USDA SANIC4
Cahuilla Drug, Febrifuge
Infusion of blossoms taken for fevers.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli
American Elder
USDA SANIC4
Cahuilla Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid
Infusion of blossoms taken for upset stomachs.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli
American Elder
USDA SANIC4
Cahuilla Drug, Laxative
Decoction of roots used for constipation.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli
American Elder
USDA SANIC4
Cahuilla Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy
Infusion of blossoms taken for flu.
Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138